Recent studies have shown that a deficiency of vitamin D caused an increased risk of diabetes,as well as cancer and heart attack. Getting enough of vitamin D is free: all you have to do isget an exposure of 20minutes to the sun, and you’ve got enough for your daily needs.

Vitamin D is produced when UVB acts on natural precursors in the body. Fair-skinned persons can get 20,000IU with 20min exposure to the afternoon sun. More exposure ends up in sun damage to the skin. Darker-skinned people need more exposure (about 3 – 5 times longer) to get the sameamount of Vitamin D.

Until recently vitamin D was viewed primarily as a protective agent against problems affecting the bone such as osteomalacia (rickets in children), and osteoporosis (a situation whereby the calcium content in bone is reduced, causing an increased tendency to fracture of the bone even with minor injuries).

Vit D deficiency is thought to be due to modern lifestyles where most activities are indoors. Fear of skin cancer and the increasing use of sunblock is a contributory factor.

Not every scientist agrees that vitamin D is that crucial to a person’s wellbeing, and it is not generally agreed upon as to what constitutes an adequate level of the vitamin in the blood, however the trend is towards recommending a higher intake than before.

Current recommended level of vitamin D: about 30 nanogram per mL. New recommended level: 50 -60 nanogram per mL. In the US, scientists say the great majority of the US population is lacking in vitamin D, if one uses the 2nd level as a guide.

Based on earlier studies the daily recommended intake of vitamin D was about 400 international units (IUs) for adults and children, and about 800 IU for the elderly due to lesser exposure to the sun.

Most researchers in the field now recommend taking vit D supplements of about 1,500IU per day. Maximum allowable dosage is 4,000IU, beyond which toxicity is common.

Dietary sources of vitamin D: milk, oily fish.

Adequate levels of vitamin D can be achieved by the above foods, vitamin supplements, or more sun exposure, the third method being frowned upon by dermatologists, who feel that the risk of getting skin cancer is more.

A very interesting piece written by Scott Fahrenkrug. Another project to utilize pigs to treat diabetes in humans. This time round, however, we seem to be closer to a cure than ever. Read on….

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in the permanent destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. Current management involves daily blood sugar testing, insulin injections, and careful meal planning. But insulin only controls Diabetes-it doesn’t cure it. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus continues to be a therapeutic challenge and burden to patients, their families, and society (more than 1 million U.S. citizens are affected). Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) result in acute and chronic complications, disability, pain, fears, worries, and discrimination. More than 50% of patients experience some chronic complication, which can lead to such devastating conditions as kidney failure and diabetic retinopathy.

Although pancreas transplantation has shown great promise for treating Diabetes, a limited donor supply (from cadavers) will never meet the demand. Fortunately, investigators at the Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation at the University of Minnesota have been able to achieve long-term diabetes reversal (>180 days) in diabetic monkeys after porcine islet xenotransplantation. Similar results have been observed by researchers at the Emory University School of Medicine.

This wouldn’t be the first time that pigs have come to the rescue for Diabetes. Until a human insulin drug was made (in 1978 by Genentech), Diabetes patients routinely injected pig insulin. The promise for this therapy is so great that clinical trials of pig-to-human islet xenotransplantation began last year in Russia, and they will soon start in the United States. Procedures for improving the tolerance of patients to pig cells are currently under development around the world. We believe that the prevention of zoonotic transmission of pathogens from donor pigs to patients is crucial for clinical application of porcine xenotransplantation. Although husbandry in a biosecure environment can eliminate most risk, endogenous agents such as porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) require special attention. Indeed, upon co-cultivation of pig and human cells, PERV inefficiently traverses the species barrier. Although no evidence of pig to human transfer has ever been observed in vivo, it is prudent to develop pigs with a reduced genetic potential for PERV transmission.

Jónsson et al showed that porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission from pig to human cells in long-term co-culture experiments is reduced to nearly undetectable levels by expressing human APOBEC3G in pig cells. This constitutes a compelling proof-of-principle demonstration that APOBEC3 proteins can be used to fortify the innate anti-viral defenses of cells to prevent the zoonotic transmission of an endogenous retrovirus. Engineered pigs that specifically rescue or eliminate potential zoonosis will answer public concerns about safety and PERVless pigs will become the standard resource for xenotransplantation.

We propose to develop pigs that are transgenic for the human APOBEC3G gene using technology developed by the Fahrenkrug lab at the University of Minnesota. Engineered pigs developed from this project will be provided to University of Minnesota clinicians as they move islet xenotransplantation to clinical trials.

What follows is a plea for contributions to help make this project successful. To view the the original post, see here.